| Copyright © 2009 by William L. Stubbs |
It's So Simple
Nuclear binding does not appear to be the result of a force. As shown in the nuclear binding section, discrete
particles sharing sub-particles in the proper configurations produce good models of hydrogen-2, helium-3 and
helium-4 nuclei. Models that generate mass values equal to the measured values. There is no force directly
involved in the binding of nucleons in these models.
Using the beta particle model of the nucleus to model nuclei is almost as much art as it is science. Given the
pieces provided by the general model, success in modeling a specific nucleus depends upon determining the
proper arrangement and connection of its pieces. The arrangements and connections are typically simple and
straightforward, following a simple pattern, sequence, or evolution of form. After establishing the set of building
blocks and connectors, developing models of many nuclei becomes as easy as assembling the pieces of Tinker
Toys®, the vintage child’s toy.
The beta particle modeling system uses the aetron and the zetron pseudo-particles as low-level building
blocks. However, the alpha particle as a unit is a powerful component for building models of complex nuclei.
So powerful is the alpha, that the modeling system will be called the alpha-beta theory of the nucleus from this
point on. In addition to the alpha particle, the proton, the deuteron, the triton, and the helion (helium-3 nucleus)
are also components used to build complex nuclear models. The zeta, single and double bonds are the
connectors that link these building blocks together.
With these tools, one can build almost any atomic nucleus. Many nuclei with mass numbers that are multiples of
four are made by simply connecting alpha particles together with single bonds. The sections below show that
this procedure works, in essence, for nuclei from carbon-12 to lead-208.
Nuclear binding does not appear to be the result of a force. As shown in the nuclear binding section, discrete
particles sharing sub-particles in the proper configurations produce good models of hydrogen-2, helium-3 and
helium-4 nuclei. Models that generate mass values equal to the measured values. There is no force directly
involved in the binding of nucleons in these models.
Using the beta particle model of the nucleus to model nuclei is almost as much art as it is science. Given the
pieces provided by the general model, success in modeling a specific nucleus depends upon determining the
proper arrangement and connection of its pieces. The arrangements and connections are typically simple and
straightforward, following a simple pattern, sequence, or evolution of form. After establishing the set of building
blocks and connectors, developing models of many nuclei becomes as easy as assembling the pieces of Tinker
Toys®, the vintage child’s toy.
The beta particle modeling system uses the aetron and the zetron pseudo-particles as low-level building
blocks. However, the alpha particle as a unit is a powerful component for building models of complex nuclei.
So powerful is the alpha, that the modeling system will be called the alpha-beta theory of the nucleus from this
point on. In addition to the alpha particle, the proton, the deuteron, the triton, and the helion (helium-3 nucleus)
are also components used to build complex nuclear models. The zeta, single and double bonds are the
connectors that link these building blocks together.
With these tools, one can build almost any atomic nucleus. Many nuclei with mass numbers that are multiples of
four are made by simply connecting alpha particles together with single bonds. The sections below show that
this procedure works, in essence, for nuclei from carbon-12 to lead-208.
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