| Copyright © 2009 by William L. Stubbs |
So – what does this all mean? Positive beta particles and negative beta particles; single bonds and double bonds; aetrons and zetrons;
neutral pairs. Well – for starters, it means that, perhaps, there is another explanation for what is happening inside the nucleus. Alpha-
beta theory challenges the traditional view of the nucleus on nearly every front. Structure, binding, reactions, and interactions are all
revised by alpha-beta theory.
No up or down quarks.
Alpha-beta theory suggests that the proton is a collection of particles it calls beta particles. They are called beta particles because they
appear to be the particles leaving the nucleus during beta decay. In the theory, the proton contains 919 positive beta particles and 918
negative beta particles. This challenges the Standard Model, which has the proton made of particles it calls quarks. Two up quarks and
one down quark form the proton in the Standard Model.
Equal amounts of matter and antimatter.
According to alpha-beta theory, there is a positive beta particle in a neutral atom for every negative beta particle in the atom. From
their roles in the electron and the positron, it follows that the negative beta particle is the antiparticle of the positive beta particle. This
means that there are equal amounts of matter and antimatter in just about every thing that exists.
No neutrons in the nucleus.
Through sharing of positive and negative beta particles, all of the nucleons in an alpha-beta theory nucleus are configured like protons.
The illusion of neutrons is created when two nucleons share a zetron. When nucleons share zetrons, the mass number of the system is
greater than the charge number, giving the appearance of neutrons in the system when there is none.
No strong force.
Alpha-beta theory uses particle sharing as a mechanism for binding nucleons together. This challenges conventional nuclear theory
which relies on a strong force to hold the nucleons together in the nucleus. In alpha-beta theory, nucleons share beta particles to
complete their internal beta particle configurations. Their goal is to each have the configuration of a free proton through outright
ownership and sharing of beta particles. This mechanism is similar to covalent bonding in atoms, a widely accepted phenomenon.
No weak force.
The weak force was created to address radioactive decay. With an inventory of tens of thousands of beta particles, both negative and
positive, the nucleus in alpha-beta theory is more than capable of delivering beta particles for decay. Having the desire to configure like
protons, a nucleus with more particles than its nucleons need to do this has the impetus for ejecting these particles. A similar situation
exists with alpha decay. Beyond carbon-12, there are always at least three alpha particles in an alpha-beta nuclear model. This
provides a source of particles for alpha decay. Furthermore, in alpha-beta theory, out in the heavier isotopes where alpha decay is
more prevalent, fewer bonds hold the nucleus together. The competition for bonds in these nuclei makes the likelihood of an alpha
escaping greater. As with beta decay, there are sufficient mechanisms for an appropriate alpha-beta model nucleus to emit an alpha
particle without the need for a weak force.
The electron is not a fundamental particle.
In order to make its model work, alpha-beta theory needs beta particles that are smaller than electrons. Therefore, alpha-beta theory
made its electron a composite particle consisting of a beta particle and a neutrino. Since scientists now know that neutrinos have mass,
this model makes the electron more massive than the beta particle. There are observations that seem to support the case for a
composite electron. When a nucleus captures an electron, it gives off a neutrino. Alpha-beta theory suggests that the neutrino existed
as part of the electron before the capture, and that the nucleus discards it during the capture. The fact that an antineutrino appears
during negative beta decay seems to support this. The thinking is that when the negative beta particle leaves the nucleus during the
decay, it prompts the pair production of a neutrino and antineutrino, from which it secures the neutrino to become an electron. The
same thing occurs in positive beta decay except the positive beta captures the antineutrino formed in the pair production to become a
positron. This all seems to indicate that the electron is a composite particle.
neutral pairs. Well – for starters, it means that, perhaps, there is another explanation for what is happening inside the nucleus. Alpha-
beta theory challenges the traditional view of the nucleus on nearly every front. Structure, binding, reactions, and interactions are all
revised by alpha-beta theory.
No up or down quarks.
Alpha-beta theory suggests that the proton is a collection of particles it calls beta particles. They are called beta particles because they
appear to be the particles leaving the nucleus during beta decay. In the theory, the proton contains 919 positive beta particles and 918
negative beta particles. This challenges the Standard Model, which has the proton made of particles it calls quarks. Two up quarks and
one down quark form the proton in the Standard Model.
Equal amounts of matter and antimatter.
According to alpha-beta theory, there is a positive beta particle in a neutral atom for every negative beta particle in the atom. From
their roles in the electron and the positron, it follows that the negative beta particle is the antiparticle of the positive beta particle. This
means that there are equal amounts of matter and antimatter in just about every thing that exists.
No neutrons in the nucleus.
Through sharing of positive and negative beta particles, all of the nucleons in an alpha-beta theory nucleus are configured like protons.
The illusion of neutrons is created when two nucleons share a zetron. When nucleons share zetrons, the mass number of the system is
greater than the charge number, giving the appearance of neutrons in the system when there is none.
No strong force.
Alpha-beta theory uses particle sharing as a mechanism for binding nucleons together. This challenges conventional nuclear theory
which relies on a strong force to hold the nucleons together in the nucleus. In alpha-beta theory, nucleons share beta particles to
complete their internal beta particle configurations. Their goal is to each have the configuration of a free proton through outright
ownership and sharing of beta particles. This mechanism is similar to covalent bonding in atoms, a widely accepted phenomenon.
No weak force.
The weak force was created to address radioactive decay. With an inventory of tens of thousands of beta particles, both negative and
positive, the nucleus in alpha-beta theory is more than capable of delivering beta particles for decay. Having the desire to configure like
protons, a nucleus with more particles than its nucleons need to do this has the impetus for ejecting these particles. A similar situation
exists with alpha decay. Beyond carbon-12, there are always at least three alpha particles in an alpha-beta nuclear model. This
provides a source of particles for alpha decay. Furthermore, in alpha-beta theory, out in the heavier isotopes where alpha decay is
more prevalent, fewer bonds hold the nucleus together. The competition for bonds in these nuclei makes the likelihood of an alpha
escaping greater. As with beta decay, there are sufficient mechanisms for an appropriate alpha-beta model nucleus to emit an alpha
particle without the need for a weak force.
The electron is not a fundamental particle.
In order to make its model work, alpha-beta theory needs beta particles that are smaller than electrons. Therefore, alpha-beta theory
made its electron a composite particle consisting of a beta particle and a neutrino. Since scientists now know that neutrinos have mass,
this model makes the electron more massive than the beta particle. There are observations that seem to support the case for a
composite electron. When a nucleus captures an electron, it gives off a neutrino. Alpha-beta theory suggests that the neutrino existed
as part of the electron before the capture, and that the nucleus discards it during the capture. The fact that an antineutrino appears
during negative beta decay seems to support this. The thinking is that when the negative beta particle leaves the nucleus during the
decay, it prompts the pair production of a neutrino and antineutrino, from which it secures the neutrino to become an electron. The
same thing occurs in positive beta decay except the positive beta captures the antineutrino formed in the pair production to become a
positron. This all seems to indicate that the electron is a composite particle.
| Implications |